Women's History Month 2004
Mar. 18th, 2004 12:54 am![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png){kind=small}
sff_corgi_ljHenrietta Szold
Had Henrietta Szold been born in Dec. 21, 1960 instead of 1860, she probably would have become a rabbi. 1 Benjamin Szold (1829-1902), born in Hungary, arrived in Baltimore in 1859, with bride Sophie Schaar, brother-in-law, and cousin in tow. Fresh from study at the University of Breslau, he carried private ordination and accepted the invitation to serve as rabbi of Oheb Shalom Congregation.
Henrietta's status as first child was enhanced by a hiatus of five years between her and the next sibling. The second and third offspring died in infancy. Of the five Szold girls who grew into adulthood, it was only Henrietta who learned Hebrew and some Aramaic from Papa. Latin and French she acquired at school. For her father, she worked as literary secretary, researcher, proofreader, and confidante. Sitting on his right side, at the dining room table day in and day out, year in and year out, she absorbed his teachings and exchanged ideas, often in her mother tongue, German. 6
In 1877, she graduated from Western Women's High School. For nearly 15 years, she taught French German and mathematics at a girls' high school, as well as classes at Ohev Shalom religious school, and gave Bible and history courses for adults. 2 In the 1880's, Herietta Szold became involved in the Americanization problems of Russian Jewish immigrants. In 1888 she opened a system of night schools, which gave immigrants practical knowledge of their new country. These schools were to develop into the model for the Americanization of all new immigrants. 2, 3
By age 17, Henrietta had established her own byline, in the New York based Jewish Messenger. She chose to be identified by the distinctive nome de plume, Sulamith. That was the title of the first Jewish German-language periodical, established in Leipzig, in 1806, as well as the biblical name of the Song of Songs heroine. From 1878-1883, she contributed 35 articles to the Messenger, on a wide variety of topics. Some recorded marriages and a few deaths, but her main emphasis was on substantive issues: She pleaded for the need to reform charity distribution and education programs, noted the establishment of new synagogues and a new prayer book. Antisemitism and social discrimination drove her journalist's quill, as did some of her father's polemics. 6
In 1893, she became literary secretary of the Jewish Publication Society of America, a position she held until 1916. 2 Since the Society headquarters were in Philadelphia, she moved there the year she gained her position. 6 Her work there included the editing of numerous books and articles, as well as the translation of many important works into English. 3 Later, she translated Heinrich Graetz's monumental multivolume History of the Jews from German into English. 1
Following the death of Rabbi Benjamin Szold in 1902 there were a variety of reasons which drove Henrietta and her mother to move from Baltimore to New York City -- the great grief she suffered, her connections to [longtime friend Solomon] Schechter, the desire to study rabbinics and Bible, and the shabby treatment accorded Sophie Szold by Oheb Shalom Congregation. They took up residence at 538 West 123rd Street, across the street from the [Jewish Theological Seminary], and the youngest Szold sister, Adele, joined them. 6
Even before Henrietta Szold settled in New York City, in the fall of 1903, (9) the Schechters were already extending dinner invitations to her, which would be followed by luncheon gatherings, sedarim, and other events. Dr. Schechter urged her to present one lecture in a popular series at the Seminary scheduled for winter, 1904. (10) She declined the invitation, explaining that her desire was to concentrate on her studies. 6
Szold was a passionate and accomplished student of Judaism. She even won permission to study Jewish texts at the then male-only Jewish Theological Seminary, on condition that she never agitate to be granted rabbinic ordination. 1
While attending classes at the Seminary, Szold's relations with one of the faculty members went beyond her connections with the others. Dr. Louis Ginzberg, the star Talmud professor, a bachelor thirteen years her junior asked her at the end of the first session, "whether I would correct his errors in English, at the end of every hour." (18) (The story of the growing love of Henrietta Szold for Louis Ginzberg has been magisterially told in Baila Round Shargel's Lost Love.) (19) As an outgrowth of those feelings, Szold noted "I left the Seminary in the spring of 1906, and I was glad to do it. I felt I had no business there on account of my passion." Thus, she confided in her journal, "But leaving the Seminary seemed to bring us closer." (20)
It was the intent of both Ginzberg and Schechter, seemingly unknown one to the other, that Szold put together a book on the subject of women's prayers, heretofore unpublished in English. Their efforts failed because Szold's world fell apart. In October 1908, her greatest fear materialized. Dr. Ginzberg returned from Europe with a young bride--a woman from Berlin whom he had known for a very short time.
Quickly the word spread through the Seminary grapevine. Szold was undergoing a physical and mental breakdown. 6 This loss of the man she'd devoted her heart to would affect Szold for the rest of her life -- she remained unmarried and childless, to her regret. [ed]
The Society officers, knowing of the great difficulties in Szold's life, granted her in April 1909, a six months' leave of absence, and full salary during that period. She was well aware of the irony involved in receipt of the gift. "And I am going to Europe in order to recover my poise there. My wedding trip while my darling is being married to another." (30)
At the end of July Henrietta and her mother sailed for Europe, then to Palestine, and returned via Europe. There were Schaar and Szold relatives to visit in Hungary and Vienna, a home stay with the Bentwich family in England, Jewish officials and Professor and Mrs. Gottheil in Constantinople, and Hilfsverein, Alliance Israelite, and many agricultural colonies in Palestine, and much more; all in all, a well connected trip. 6 Her diary from the period has a note about 'Pappenheim' a with a Vienna address; this may have had something to do with a proposed translation of the 'seven little books' constituting Gluckel von Hameln's b autobiography.
Henrietta and her mother returned to New York at the end of January 1910; 6 later that year, Henrietta became secretary of the Federation of American Zionists. 2 Back at the Jewish Publication Society, Szold's friend Schechter's desire to engender in her a serious interest in the German translation of Gluckel von Hameln's journal was at its most obvious level related to his persistent concern for her mental health. Gluckel's "seven little books" would fit perfectly with the type of works the Society promoted, hoping thereby to reach a broad audience. It was popular in style, Jewish piety and learning, woman's devotion, and the extraordinary find of a Jewish woman's seventeenth-century autobiography-the first such work extant. (37) 6
Henrietta, however, was not letting her personal grief get in the way of her beliefs and drive. In 1907, Henrietta Szold had been invited to join a women's study circle. At a meeting at Temple Emanu-El in New York City in 1912, Szold convinced the Daughters of Zion study circle to expand its purpose and embrace "practical Zionism," proactive work to help meet the health needs of Palestine's people. Because the meeting is held around the time of Purim, the women call themselves "The Hadassah chapter of the Daughters of Zion," adopting the Hebrew name of Queen Esther. Hadassah also means "myrtle," a hardy Levantine plant with agricultural and biblical significance. This study circle became the first chapter of the National Women's Zionist Organization. Henrietta Szold was elected first president. 2, 3, 7
At a subsequent meeting in 1913, "Daughters of Zion-Hadassah" chooses its motto, Aruhat Bat Ami (the Healing of the Daughter of My People), from the words of the prophet Jeremiah (Jer. 8:19-23). Within a year, Hadassah has five growing chapters in New York, Baltimore, Cleveland, Chicago and Boston. Its charter articulates twin goals: to begin public-health initiatives and nurses training in Palestine, and to foster Zionist ideals through education in America. In 1914, eight of ten existing Hadassah chapters attend the first National Convention, held in Rochester, New York. The group officially adopts the name "Hadassah" in place of "Daughters of Zion" and establishes the tradition of holding conventions annually. The first Hadassah Bulletin, a precursor to today's Hadassah Magazine, begins publication. 7
Henrietta's life suffered several shocks over the next two years. Dr. Schechter, the driving force for a Gluckel translation, died in 1915; the ship's steady anchor drifted into the distance. After 23 years of valiant, extraordinary, manifold service, Szold resigned from The Jewish Publication Society in April 1916. 6 Her mother died in 1916; when a close male friend, Haym Peretz, volunteered to say the Mourner's Kaddish for the dead woman. Szold graciously refused the offer. "I believe," she wrote him, "that the elimination of women from such duties was never intended by our law and custom-women were freed from positive duties when they could not perform them [because of family responsibilities] but not when they could. It was never intended that, if they could perform them, their performance of them should not be considered as valuable and valid as when one of the male sex performed them." 1
In 1917, she was charged with organizing the American Zionist Medical Unit, which, in June 1918, sailed for Palestine. She soon became director of the American Zionist Medical Unit, ran the newly established Nurses' Training School (first of its kind in the region and founded in 1919), and directed health work in Jewish schools. 2 Szold insisted that the most up-to-date medical treatment be extended to the Arabs of Palestine as well as to the Jews, and Hadassah played a major role in lowering Arab infant mortality. The Hadassah spirit of volunteerism and nondiscrimination was unfortunately rejected by the Arab leadership, which may have feared that its example would lessen hatred between Jews and Arabs. In early 1948, just before the State of Israel was declared, Arab troops ambushed and murdered seventy-seven Jewish doctors and nurses from Hadassah Hospital. 1
Szold moved to Eretz Israel in 1920, making her one of the only American Jewish Zionist leaders to choose Jerusalem as home. There, she directed the Hadassah Medical Organization for the next three years. 3 She remains based in Jerusalem for the rest of her life, although she longed to return to her native Baltimore. 7 In 1926, Henrietta Szold became honorary president of Hadassah. 2 In 1927, Szold was elected by the Zionist Congress to be a member of the three-person Zionist Executive, with the porfolio for health and education. She was the first woman to hold such a position in the Zionist Organization. 2, 3
She never abandoned her scholarly reflexes despite her social and political activities.
In honor of Henrietta Szold's 75th birthday in 1935, the name of the nursing school she helped found was officially changed during graduation ceremonies to the Henrietta Szold-Hadassah School of Nursing. In 1939, she was offered a seat on the Va'ad Le'umi (National Council) of Palestine. At age 81, Henrietta Szold establishes the Child and Youth Welfare Organization to coordinate the activities of public and voluntary child and youth welfare services. Hadassah, the Va'ad Leumi and the Jewish Agency fund the project. 7
Although her cultural roots were clearly in the United States (at her last Passover seder in 1944 she sang African American spirituals), Szold had clearly become a much beloved and respected "resident" of her adopted homeland. 4 Henrietta Szold, age 84, died of pneumonia on February 13, 1945 (30 Shevat 5705), at the Rothschild-Hadassah University Hospital. Her funeral was attended by some of the tens of thousands of Youth Aliyah children and nursing students whose lives she touched. She is mourned throughout the world. 7
In 1945, after her death, the Child and Youth Welfare Organization is renamed the Henrietta Szold Foundation for Child and Youth Welfare. In 1948 it becomes autonomous, with Hadassah participating on the board of directors. In 1960, on the centennial of Szold's birth, the government, together with Hadassah and the Jewish Agency, undertakes to contribute to the budget of the foundation, now renamed Machon Szold, the Szold Institute. 7 Mossad Szold - an institute for research, publications and coordination of national youth activities and Kfar Szold, a kibbutz in northern Israel, are also named after her. 2
Today, the foremost hospital in Israel and the entire Middle East is the Hadassah Hospital in Jerusalem. The organization she founded, Hadassah, has as of 1990 about 350,000 members, and is the largest Jewish organization in the United States. 1
1 http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/biography/Szold.html
2 http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/bios/soldz.html
3 http://www.wzo.org.il/home/portrait/szold.htm
4 http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history_community/Modern/
Overview_The_Story_17001914/Zionism/Hadassah/Szold.htm
5 http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Quote/szoldq.html
6 http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/m0411/2_51/89233419/p1/article.jhtml
7 http://www.hadassah.org/
Had Henrietta Szold been born in Dec. 21, 1960 instead of 1860, she probably would have become a rabbi. 1 Benjamin Szold (1829-1902), born in Hungary, arrived in Baltimore in 1859, with bride Sophie Schaar, brother-in-law, and cousin in tow. Fresh from study at the University of Breslau, he carried private ordination and accepted the invitation to serve as rabbi of Oheb Shalom Congregation.
Henrietta's status as first child was enhanced by a hiatus of five years between her and the next sibling. The second and third offspring died in infancy. Of the five Szold girls who grew into adulthood, it was only Henrietta who learned Hebrew and some Aramaic from Papa. Latin and French she acquired at school. For her father, she worked as literary secretary, researcher, proofreader, and confidante. Sitting on his right side, at the dining room table day in and day out, year in and year out, she absorbed his teachings and exchanged ideas, often in her mother tongue, German. 6
In 1877, she graduated from Western Women's High School. For nearly 15 years, she taught French German and mathematics at a girls' high school, as well as classes at Ohev Shalom religious school, and gave Bible and history courses for adults. 2 In the 1880's, Herietta Szold became involved in the Americanization problems of Russian Jewish immigrants. In 1888 she opened a system of night schools, which gave immigrants practical knowledge of their new country. These schools were to develop into the model for the Americanization of all new immigrants. 2, 3
By age 17, Henrietta had established her own byline, in the New York based Jewish Messenger. She chose to be identified by the distinctive nome de plume, Sulamith. That was the title of the first Jewish German-language periodical, established in Leipzig, in 1806, as well as the biblical name of the Song of Songs heroine. From 1878-1883, she contributed 35 articles to the Messenger, on a wide variety of topics. Some recorded marriages and a few deaths, but her main emphasis was on substantive issues: She pleaded for the need to reform charity distribution and education programs, noted the establishment of new synagogues and a new prayer book. Antisemitism and social discrimination drove her journalist's quill, as did some of her father's polemics. 6
In 1893, she became literary secretary of the Jewish Publication Society of America, a position she held until 1916. 2 Since the Society headquarters were in Philadelphia, she moved there the year she gained her position. 6 Her work there included the editing of numerous books and articles, as well as the translation of many important works into English. 3 Later, she translated Heinrich Graetz's monumental multivolume History of the Jews from German into English. 1
Following the death of Rabbi Benjamin Szold in 1902 there were a variety of reasons which drove Henrietta and her mother to move from Baltimore to New York City -- the great grief she suffered, her connections to [longtime friend Solomon] Schechter, the desire to study rabbinics and Bible, and the shabby treatment accorded Sophie Szold by Oheb Shalom Congregation. They took up residence at 538 West 123rd Street, across the street from the [Jewish Theological Seminary], and the youngest Szold sister, Adele, joined them. 6
Even before Henrietta Szold settled in New York City, in the fall of 1903, (9) the Schechters were already extending dinner invitations to her, which would be followed by luncheon gatherings, sedarim, and other events. Dr. Schechter urged her to present one lecture in a popular series at the Seminary scheduled for winter, 1904. (10) She declined the invitation, explaining that her desire was to concentrate on her studies. 6
Szold was a passionate and accomplished student of Judaism. She even won permission to study Jewish texts at the then male-only Jewish Theological Seminary, on condition that she never agitate to be granted rabbinic ordination. 1
While attending classes at the Seminary, Szold's relations with one of the faculty members went beyond her connections with the others. Dr. Louis Ginzberg, the star Talmud professor, a bachelor thirteen years her junior asked her at the end of the first session, "whether I would correct his errors in English, at the end of every hour." (18) (The story of the growing love of Henrietta Szold for Louis Ginzberg has been magisterially told in Baila Round Shargel's Lost Love.) (19) As an outgrowth of those feelings, Szold noted "I left the Seminary in the spring of 1906, and I was glad to do it. I felt I had no business there on account of my passion." Thus, she confided in her journal, "But leaving the Seminary seemed to bring us closer." (20)
It was the intent of both Ginzberg and Schechter, seemingly unknown one to the other, that Szold put together a book on the subject of women's prayers, heretofore unpublished in English. Their efforts failed because Szold's world fell apart. In October 1908, her greatest fear materialized. Dr. Ginzberg returned from Europe with a young bride--a woman from Berlin whom he had known for a very short time.
Quickly the word spread through the Seminary grapevine. Szold was undergoing a physical and mental breakdown. 6 This loss of the man she'd devoted her heart to would affect Szold for the rest of her life -- she remained unmarried and childless, to her regret. [ed]
The Society officers, knowing of the great difficulties in Szold's life, granted her in April 1909, a six months' leave of absence, and full salary during that period. She was well aware of the irony involved in receipt of the gift. "And I am going to Europe in order to recover my poise there. My wedding trip while my darling is being married to another." (30)
At the end of July Henrietta and her mother sailed for Europe, then to Palestine, and returned via Europe. There were Schaar and Szold relatives to visit in Hungary and Vienna, a home stay with the Bentwich family in England, Jewish officials and Professor and Mrs. Gottheil in Constantinople, and Hilfsverein, Alliance Israelite, and many agricultural colonies in Palestine, and much more; all in all, a well connected trip. 6 Her diary from the period has a note about 'Pappenheim' a with a Vienna address; this may have had something to do with a proposed translation of the 'seven little books' constituting Gluckel von Hameln's b autobiography.
Henrietta and her mother returned to New York at the end of January 1910; 6 later that year, Henrietta became secretary of the Federation of American Zionists. 2 Back at the Jewish Publication Society, Szold's friend Schechter's desire to engender in her a serious interest in the German translation of Gluckel von Hameln's journal was at its most obvious level related to his persistent concern for her mental health. Gluckel's "seven little books" would fit perfectly with the type of works the Society promoted, hoping thereby to reach a broad audience. It was popular in style, Jewish piety and learning, woman's devotion, and the extraordinary find of a Jewish woman's seventeenth-century autobiography-the first such work extant. (37) 6
Henrietta, however, was not letting her personal grief get in the way of her beliefs and drive. In 1907, Henrietta Szold had been invited to join a women's study circle. At a meeting at Temple Emanu-El in New York City in 1912, Szold convinced the Daughters of Zion study circle to expand its purpose and embrace "practical Zionism," proactive work to help meet the health needs of Palestine's people. Because the meeting is held around the time of Purim, the women call themselves "The Hadassah chapter of the Daughters of Zion," adopting the Hebrew name of Queen Esther. Hadassah also means "myrtle," a hardy Levantine plant with agricultural and biblical significance. This study circle became the first chapter of the National Women's Zionist Organization. Henrietta Szold was elected first president. 2, 3, 7
At a subsequent meeting in 1913, "Daughters of Zion-Hadassah" chooses its motto, Aruhat Bat Ami (the Healing of the Daughter of My People), from the words of the prophet Jeremiah (Jer. 8:19-23). Within a year, Hadassah has five growing chapters in New York, Baltimore, Cleveland, Chicago and Boston. Its charter articulates twin goals: to begin public-health initiatives and nurses training in Palestine, and to foster Zionist ideals through education in America. In 1914, eight of ten existing Hadassah chapters attend the first National Convention, held in Rochester, New York. The group officially adopts the name "Hadassah" in place of "Daughters of Zion" and establishes the tradition of holding conventions annually. The first Hadassah Bulletin, a precursor to today's Hadassah Magazine, begins publication. 7
Henrietta's life suffered several shocks over the next two years. Dr. Schechter, the driving force for a Gluckel translation, died in 1915; the ship's steady anchor drifted into the distance. After 23 years of valiant, extraordinary, manifold service, Szold resigned from The Jewish Publication Society in April 1916. 6 Her mother died in 1916; when a close male friend, Haym Peretz, volunteered to say the Mourner's Kaddish for the dead woman. Szold graciously refused the offer. "I believe," she wrote him, "that the elimination of women from such duties was never intended by our law and custom-women were freed from positive duties when they could not perform them [because of family responsibilities] but not when they could. It was never intended that, if they could perform them, their performance of them should not be considered as valuable and valid as when one of the male sex performed them." 1
In 1917, she was charged with organizing the American Zionist Medical Unit, which, in June 1918, sailed for Palestine. She soon became director of the American Zionist Medical Unit, ran the newly established Nurses' Training School (first of its kind in the region and founded in 1919), and directed health work in Jewish schools. 2 Szold insisted that the most up-to-date medical treatment be extended to the Arabs of Palestine as well as to the Jews, and Hadassah played a major role in lowering Arab infant mortality. The Hadassah spirit of volunteerism and nondiscrimination was unfortunately rejected by the Arab leadership, which may have feared that its example would lessen hatred between Jews and Arabs. In early 1948, just before the State of Israel was declared, Arab troops ambushed and murdered seventy-seven Jewish doctors and nurses from Hadassah Hospital. 1
Szold moved to Eretz Israel in 1920, making her one of the only American Jewish Zionist leaders to choose Jerusalem as home. There, she directed the Hadassah Medical Organization for the next three years. 3 She remains based in Jerusalem for the rest of her life, although she longed to return to her native Baltimore. 7 In 1926, Henrietta Szold became honorary president of Hadassah. 2 In 1927, Szold was elected by the Zionist Congress to be a member of the three-person Zionist Executive, with the porfolio for health and education. She was the first woman to hold such a position in the Zionist Organization. 2, 3
She never abandoned her scholarly reflexes despite her social and political activities.
"Among all the fragments, the flotsam and jetsam of Jewish history, none have had a more baffling fate than the Falashas of Abyssinia. Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, their reputed ancestors, shed the glamour of their romance upon them. All we know for certain is that they have been carrying on a historic struggle for the preservation of their Jewish selves for hundreds of years. In the course of the centuries the teachings and principles that make them Jews became more and more attenuated. It takes scholarship to discern that their simple practices express a complete identification with the Jewish people. To the rest of us the supreme vindication of the scholar's view lies in their invincible allegiance to the Jewish heritage - a steadfastness that has been matched only by that of their rescuers." -- Henrietta SzoldIn 1933, Recha Freier, a Berlin rabbi’s wife, begins Youth Aliyah (Jugendaliyah, Aliyat Hano’ar), working with German youth leaders to resettle Jewish children in Palestine. When Adolf Hitler is elected chancellor of Germany, the project becomes one of desperate urgency. 7 Szold, who became first director of Youth Aliyah, involved Hadassah in this program to rescue Jewish youth first from Germany, and later from all of Europe. It is estimated that the program saved some 22,000 Jewish children from Hitler's concentration camps. 3 In 1934, Youth Aliyah's first 43 wards arrive in Haifa. In what becomes a lifelong practice, Szold greeted them at the dock and accompanied them to Kibbutz Ein Harod. 7 The children were placed in two year programs designed to facilitate their absorption and the development of the yishuv. Attentive to each individual, Szold saw that the children were placed in villages and kibbutzim according to religious background and other characteristics. In addition, she provided for vocational training for girls, ensuring their successful absorption.
Source: Hadassah Newsletter, (May, 1924). 5
In honor of Henrietta Szold's 75th birthday in 1935, the name of the nursing school she helped found was officially changed during graduation ceremonies to the Henrietta Szold-Hadassah School of Nursing. In 1939, she was offered a seat on the Va'ad Le'umi (National Council) of Palestine. At age 81, Henrietta Szold establishes the Child and Youth Welfare Organization to coordinate the activities of public and voluntary child and youth welfare services. Hadassah, the Va'ad Leumi and the Jewish Agency fund the project. 7
Although her cultural roots were clearly in the United States (at her last Passover seder in 1944 she sang African American spirituals), Szold had clearly become a much beloved and respected "resident" of her adopted homeland. 4 Henrietta Szold, age 84, died of pneumonia on February 13, 1945 (30 Shevat 5705), at the Rothschild-Hadassah University Hospital. Her funeral was attended by some of the tens of thousands of Youth Aliyah children and nursing students whose lives she touched. She is mourned throughout the world. 7
In 1945, after her death, the Child and Youth Welfare Organization is renamed the Henrietta Szold Foundation for Child and Youth Welfare. In 1948 it becomes autonomous, with Hadassah participating on the board of directors. In 1960, on the centennial of Szold's birth, the government, together with Hadassah and the Jewish Agency, undertakes to contribute to the budget of the foundation, now renamed Machon Szold, the Szold Institute. 7 Mossad Szold - an institute for research, publications and coordination of national youth activities and Kfar Szold, a kibbutz in northern Israel, are also named after her. 2
Today, the foremost hospital in Israel and the entire Middle East is the Hadassah Hospital in Jerusalem. The organization she founded, Hadassah, has as of 1990 about 350,000 members, and is the largest Jewish organization in the United States. 1
1 http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/biography/Szold.html
2 http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/bios/soldz.html
3 http://www.wzo.org.il/home/portrait/szold.htm
4 http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history_community/Modern/
Overview_The_Story_17001914/Zionism/Hadassah/Szold.htm
5 http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Quote/szoldq.html
6 http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/m0411/2_51/89233419/p1/article.jhtml
7 http://www.hadassah.org/
a Bertha Pappenheim was a long-time patient of Dr. Josef Breuer in Vienna, given the pseudonym Anna O. when published as the only case study by Breuer in Freud's Studies in Hysteria (1895). In Frankfurt, she started out working in an orphanage, and in 1904 was the major organizer of Judische Frauenbund , the founder of a home for unmarried mothers, and the initiator of the first translation of Gluckel von Hameln's autobiography into German. (32) Although a word-by-word effort, without introduction or notes, that translation with its limitations brought awareness of this unique work to an audience unable to read the Yiddish original.
b Gluckel von Hameln was a Jewish woman of Germany living in the late 1600s-early 1700s who raised 12 of 14 children to adulthood and managed her inherited mercantile and retail business successfully until her second husband bankrupted her. Arranging her children's marriages was also serious business, requiring skills in negotiation and materials evaluation.
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Date: 2004-03-18 01:05 pm (UTC)